Anatomy education in Ottoman-Turkish veterinary schools during 19th century and Papier-Mache models.

Veterinary medicine was recognized as a scientific discipline for the first time in 1762 in France. After a while, the first Ottoman-Turkish veterinary school was established in 1842, primarily for the improvement and welfare of army horses. There is not much detailed information about the content of the anatomy education and materials in the early days of veterinary schools apart from the anecdote that Gurlt's illustrated anatomy books were being used. The purpose of this study is to research anatomy education in the 19th century, when Ottoman-Turkish veterinary medicine was established, as well as the Papier-mâché models used in anatomy education, searching primary and secondary sources that can be accessed online. It has been determined that the normal and pathological anatomy models of humans and various domestic animals made by Dr. Auzoux were ordered to be used in the anatomy education of the newly established veterinary schools. The whereabouts of these models, which did not reference in publications until now, are unknown. However, examining these models is regarded to be crucial for understanding the veterinary anatomy perspective and educational content of the period.

Variations of the digastric muscle and accessory bellies - A study of gross anatomic dissections.

OBJECTIVE: Variations of the bellies of the digastric muscle is reported for a long time and is not uncommon. However, there is still not a full consensus about the classifications and many different types of variations. The aim of this study was to examine the variations of the digastric muscle on cadaver dissections and to create a pictorial collection of variations related to present-day by combining with existing knowledge. METHOD: In the present study, a total of 40 formalin-fixed cadavers and head specimens' digastric muscles were analyzed bilaterally. RESULTS: Previous results were utilized for classification of the variations. Anterior belly, intermediate tendon, and posterior belly variations were evaluated according to unilateral, bilateral and unclassified types. 10 variations were identified in the digastric muscle of 40 cadavers. Thus, five of the variations were unilateral and rest of them were bilateral. Two of the variations were residing in the central area. One accessory muscle bundle was found obliquely residing between the left and right sides of the anterior bellies. Remaining variation was the crossing of the accessory anterior belly of digastric muscle fibers at the central line. Intermediate tendon variation as piercing the stylohyoid muscle was observed in only one case. Posterior belly exhibited no variation. CONCLUSION: Reporting the abnormalities and variations of the digastric muscle is very important in surgical attempts and evaluation of the lymphadenopathy of the submental area and in the floor of the mouth tumors, numerous clinically significant esthetic surgeries for head and neck surgeons, radiologists and plastic surgeons.

Variations of the 6th cranial nerve (nervus abducens) in the petroclival region: A microsurgical study.

The aim of this study is to present the variations of nervus abducens in localization and number as it pierces the clival dura mater. The calvaria of 16 cadaveric heads were removed by making horizontal incisions from Glabella to Inion in both sides of the head. The dura mater was dissected. Cerebrum and cerebellum were taken out by obtuse dissection. Dissections of cavernous sinus were made under the stereomicroscope and the findings were photographed. Out of 16 specimens, one of them was excluded. Fifteen heads were bilaterally analyzed. Analysis of these nerves presented four different variations. Variation types a classified CN VI as a single trunk and entering a single dural pore with 77% occurrence. Variation type b classified CN VI with two branches running in the petroclival region and entering a single dural pore with 10% occurrence. Variation type c classified CN VI as 2 trunks and entering 2 separate but close dural pores with 10% occurrence. Variation type d classified CN VI with 2 distinct trunks and 2 branches entering 2 separate but close dural pores with 3% occurrence. CN VI plays a major role in the clinic of the eye. Due to its intracranial and extracranial course, injuries to the head and to the nerve may result in malfunctioning of the lateral muscles of the eye. Therefore, the variations of branching, relations and its course were analyzed.

Characteristics of lingual papillae in diabetic rats.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder resulting with many different complications including soft tissue abnormalities in the oral cavity such as periodontitis and salivary and taste dysfunction. Previous studies also reported fungal and bacterial infections in oral cavity in these patients. This study aims to represent three dimentional morphologic ultrastructural changes of the diabetic rat tongue via scanning electron microscopy. Twenty-four (24) adult male Spraque-Dawley rats, (weight ranging between 200-250g) included in the study were randomly assigned into two groups: control rats were injected with intraperitoneally saline alone, experimental diabetes group received streptozotocin (STZ) (80mg/kg) administrated intraperitoneally. On month four, by the end of experimental period, all animals of each group were anesthetised. All tongues were dissected totally, postfixed in 2% osmium tetroxide and then dried by critical point drying before SEM analysis. Finally, superficial epithelial configurations of the lingual papillae in experimental diabetic rats were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Diabetes mellitus caused thickness, hyperceratosis and different epithelial changes, We observed yeast-like structures and bacterial colonisations on the papillar and epithelial structure of the tongue. The morphological atrophic changes of lingual mucosa and the median rhomboid glossitis (which is primary finding of candidal infection) are characteristic observations on the lingual mucosa of the streptozotocin treated rats.

Miratü'lEbdan Fi Tesrih-i Azaül-Insan: first printed illustrated anatomy book in Ottoman-Turkish medicine.

BACKGROUND: Medical education in Ottoman-Turkish medicine was shaped by the influence of Claudius Galenus (c.130-c.210) and Ibn-i Sina (c.980-c.1037). These teachings were performed in madrasahs until the beginning of the 19th century. Within the scope of master-apprentice relationship, medical training was also given in private clinics. As a result of religious and social pressures on scientific studies, human cadavers were never used because they were considered sacred. For centuries, all books were handwritten in the Ottoman Empire until the first printing press was established in Istanbul during 1726. However, the first illustrated book on anatomy was not printed until another 100 years later. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A comparative study was conducted on the anatomical drawings in "Miratü'l Ebdan Fi Tesrih-i Azau'l Insan" (Ataullah SM, 17th), and significance of this book. RESULTS: Forty-six out of 56 figures were received from the book of physician and anatomist Jean Palfin (1650-1730). Remaining 9 figures were cited from author himself as collected from Bernard Siegfried Albinus (1697-1170), Raymond Vieussens (1614-1715), R. Drake (1667-1707), Clopton Havers (1657-1702), Albrecht von Haller (1708-1777), Joseph Guichard Duverney (1648-1730). The figures were drawn exactly the same way with minimal changes. Main text of the book is mostly translation from Italian edition of Bertin and Palfin's Works. The book is not only the first printed anatomical book but also the first printed work in Ottoman-Turkish medicine. Another very significant aspect of the illustrations are perspective drawing figures which differ from miniature style drawings of the past. CONCLUSIONS: Sânîzade Ataullah's work has a significant value not only for being the first printed illustrated anatomy book which makes it more approachable but also for providing anatomical drawings as illustrations not as miniature style painting.

[The topography of the maxillary artery within the infratemporal fossa]. / Untersuchungen über die Topographie der A. maxillaris inneralb der Fossa infratemporalis.

The topographical anatomy of the maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa is investigated. 194 preparations from 98 adult specimens are examined (53 male, 45 female). Our important findings are the following: 1. In 29 of 96 specimens (in 2 cases only one side was available) the maxillary artery is located on the outer side of the external pterygoid muscle on one side of the head whereas on the opposite side of the same head it is situated on the inner side of the external pterygoid muscle. 2. in our dissections the maxillary artery is running more frequently medial to the external pterygoid muscle (107 out of 194 preparations; 55.2%) 3. in 2 cases the relation of the maxillary artery to the branches of the mandibular nerve is considerable interesting. 4. An accessory meningeal artery is found in 9 cases (4.6%). 5. In 2 cases the maxillary artery perforates the lingual nerve.